1- Physiological Diseases

A-Little leaves or Resetting leaves:

The Causal organism:      Zinc deficiency

Symptoms:

Clear stunting in the terminals of higher branches, followed by very little leaves out from the buds.

Control:

                 Use: ZETRELION                        30-50G/100L.W.

B-Fruit Decay:

The Causal organism:   Imbalance in the fertilization especiallyin calcium element.

Symptoms:

-Symptoms may appear in the field or during storage as a result of fruit over mature.

-Fruit skins turn to brown and in sever cases, the fruit completely decayed.

Control:

                 Use: BASFOLIAR COMBI STIPP    100cm/100L.W.

C- Leaf chlorite:

The Causal organism:     Iron (FE) deficiency.

-Iron deficiency can result when there is insufficient (Fe) in the soil, sufficient but unavailable or sufficient and available (Fe) that is not properly utilized in the plant.

Symptoms:

-One Symptoms of (Fe) deficiency is a loss of chorophy11 that leads to leaf chlorite in which the intervene areas become yellow but the veins remain green.

-Later, the green veins also become chlorite.

Control:

Foliar sprays of (Fe) chalets and other (Fe) materials have given only partial correction  

USE:

        FETRILON 13% (Fe) 200-600g/feddan

        (2-3 Times through growth season)

2- Fungal Diseases

A-Powdery Mildew:

 -Powdery mildew is one of the most important diseases of apple trees.

Causal organism:         Podosphaera Leucotricha.

Symptoms:

   -The disease occurs on foliage, twigs, blossom and fruit. On the leaves, small gray or white felt like patches appear as a fungus develop.

   -By the progress of the disease, the spots on the leaves turned to yellow color and the leaves soon die.

   -Buds infection lead to reducing fruit set.

   -Fruit infection occurs near the stem end preventing fruit maturity.

Control:

Follow the next steps to control powdery mildew on apple trees:

                 A-Use: Kumulus-s                  300-600G/100L.W.

                                       (1^st before flowering)

                            (2^nd after the dropping white flowers)

B-Starting of disease symptoms

                                 Use: BELLIS             30g/100L.W

                        (Effective against powdery mildew and scab)

                 After 15 days
Use: AMISTAR      40cm/100L.W

                         (Effective against powdery mildew and scab)

B-Apple Scab

Apple scab is the most serious disease affecting apple trees. Most of the commonly-grown apples are susceptible to scab. The disease causes losses by reducing the amount and quality of fruit and by reducing tree vigor.

Causal organism: Venturia inaequalis

Symptoms:

-Scab first appears on young leaves as olive-green spots with fuzzy margins.

-As the disease progresses, the spots develop more distinct margins and become greenish-black in color.

-Infected leaves are often misshapen, and sever infection can result in defoliation.

-Fruit is susceptible to infection by the scab fungus any time during its development. Early infections can result in dropping of the blossoms and young fruit.

-As the fruit matures, the affected areas become brown, corky and often cracked.

Control
a-Before flowering
Use: KUMULUS-S         200-300g/100L.W.
b- After fruit set
Use one of the following fungicides
-COBOX                        250G/100L.W
OR
-POLYRAM              150-200G/100L.W.
OR
-BELLIS                           30g/100L.W.
(Very effective against the fungus)

C-Root Rot

-All woody plants may be affected by root rot. The disease is widespread on apple production areas. High levels of water during irrigation are very important factories for the widespread of the disease.
Causal organism:
There are many fungi causing root rot
Fusarium solani              Rhizoctonia solani
Fusarium oxyspoum       Armillaria mellea
Symptoms:

-Infection occurs through the wounds in the roots.
The color of infected roots turned to brown and by the progresses of the disease, it become black and die.
-Leaves on the higher branches gradual yellowing followed by defoliation.

*If the causal organism is Armillaria mellea, a fan-shaped, white fungal mat often is present between the bark and the wood on the crown of affected trees. Dark brown to black threadlike rhizomorphs may be observed on the surface of the bark.
Control:
The definition of the causal organism is very important to control the disease.
*If the causal organism is Rhizoctonia solani
Use: MONCUT                  1kg /feddan
*If the causal organism is Armillaria mellea fumigation has been only moderately effective in controlling the disease
Use: BASAMID   147-168kg/Feddan    (sand soil)
189-210 kg/Feddan     (clay soil)

D-Die-back

Causal organism: Botryodiplodia theobromae
Symptoms:
-Twigs may fail to form leaves in spring, and later leaves on some branches turns to dark-brown and the disease continues to spread downward to the branch base.
Control:
After pruning Use:
COBOX     250g/100L.W.

E-Crown Rot (collar Rot)

-Crown rot one of the most important soil borne diseases that affect apple trees.
Causal organism: Phytophthora SPP.
Symptoms:

-Trees affected with phytophthora crown rot have a poor vegetative growth often -In sever cases, trees often die within one or tow year.
-Trees with aboveground symptoms of decline caused by Phytophthora may show symptoms of crown rot, which refers to decay on the root or the trunk base near the soil-bark of affected crown tissue is killed and turns various shades of brown. The discoloration may extend into outer layers of subtending xylem tissues were brown. Decayed roots lead to sudden death of the tree.   
Control:
-Careful soil water management.               
-Genetically resistant rootstocks.
-Orchards should be established on well-drained soil.
-Trees may be planted on raised breams to facilitate drainage of water away from tree trunks and root crowns.

Apple Fruit Rot

1-Bitter Rot

Causal organism:  Glomerella cingulata
Symptoms:
The disease occurs in July through August, however, its
-Appearance varies with the climatic conditions during any particular season. Fruit infection can occur early in the season but symptoms do not develop until the fruit begins to mature.
-The rot begins as a small, light brown, circular lesion. As lesions enlarge, they change to a dark brown and form sunken or saucer –shaped depressions.
-By the disease progress, fruit in bodies of the fungus appear near the center of the lesion. Under humid conditions, large numbers of spores are produced in a creamy mass pink in color. The rotted flesh beneath the surface of the lesion is watery, appearing in a v-shaped.
Control:
 -Remove dead wood from the orchard
Use: BELLIS    30g/100L.W
(Application of Bellis on a 10 to 15 day schedule from petal fall through harvest is most effective)

2-White Rot

Causal organism:  Penicillium Spp. (P.empansum)
Symptoms:
Fruit rot infection can be seen four to six weeks before harvest and depend on the developmental stage of the fruit. Lesion begins as small, slightly sunken brown spots that may be surrounded by a red halo.
-As the decayed area expands, the core becomes rotten and eventually the entire fruit rots.
-The disease is some times referred to as "white rot". Decayed flesh associated with white rot is very soft and watery under warm condition.

Control:
The pruning and removal of all dead wood, including spurs, twigs and branches is essential because the fungus survives in these structures.

3-Blue Mold

Causal organism: Penicilliumspp. (P.expansum)
Symptoms:
The appearance of the decay caused by most species of Penicillium is very similar. The rotted areas are soft, watery and light brown in color. The surface of older lesions may be covered by bluish-green spores that initially are nearly snow white in color. The lesions are of varying shades of brown, being lighter on the yellow or green varieties and on the pale cheeks of colored varieties.
The soft, watery consistency of the rotted tissue seems to be a more distinguishing feature than the color variations.
Control:
Avoidance of conditions favorable to infection (wounds, fruit should be picked at the proper maturity

4- Brooks spot:
Causal organism: Mycosphaerella pomi
Symptoms
-Brooks spots first appear as irregular, slightly sunken dark green lesions typically on the calyx end of immature apple fruit.
-As fruit matures, the lesion turns dark red. The disease usually appears earlier in the season and shows little browning of the flesh underneath the lesion.
Control:

Avoidance of conditions favorable to infection
(Fruit injuries, care during the transportation, exact).

5-Black pox

Causal organism:  Helminthosporium papulosum.
Symptoms
-Fruit lesions are small, black, circular and slightly sunken.
-Infection first appears on young twigs as well-defined, conical, shiny black lesions which enlarge by the end of the season.

3-Bacterial Diseases

A-Crown gall

Causal organism: Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Symptomds

The pathogen attacks root through wounds. The bacteria first attach to wounded host cells and then transfer into the cell. Galls develop on roots, crowns and occasionally aerial parts.
The galls are composed of disorganized vascular and parenchyma tissues and appear first as rapidly growing, white fleshy swellings that usually become tan to brownish.
Control:              
Sanitation and cultural practices are important for reducing the amount of disease. These include using certified disease-free preoperative material, planting disease-free plants, planting in well-drained fields.

B-Hairy root

Causal organism:   Agrobacterium Rhizogenes
Symptoms
Clear stunting in the growth of infected plants. Diseased plants in the nursery sold at a reduced
price. Infection plants produce excessive amounts of fibrous roots.
Control
Good cultural practices, transplants certified disease-free and planting in well-drained fields.

C-Bacterial canker  

Causal organism: Pseudomonas syringae PV. Syringae
Symptoms
-The bacterium infects bark, branches, buds, blossoms, leaves and fruits.
-Infections of canker are first noticeable two to three months after petal fall as small and green.
-Cankers develop on twigs at the base of flower and leaf buds, in pruning wounds and at the base of infected spurs.
-Cankers generally spread up word, and the infected, sunken areas are usually formed in early spring.
-Gum often exudes from cankers. Terminal shoots or twigs of cankered trees may die back.
-infected dormant buds often are killed.

Insect and Pests of Apples

1-Twospotted spider mite

Causal organism:   Tetranychus Urticae(KOCH).
Two spotted spider mite is a sporadic problem in apple orchards. Economically damaging populations generally develop during the latter part of the season.

Symptoms:
-Two spotted spider mite feed on the underside of leaves and by the sever infection; both sides of leaves are damage. Mite injury produces yellow spots turns to brown.
-Extensive foliage injury may reduce the quality and quantity of fruit.
Control:
Chemicals should be chosen for effectiveness, selective toxicity, and lowest toxicity to natural enemies.

Use:

CHALLRNGER          40cm/100L.W
OR      ORTUS                          50cm/100L.W

2- European red Mite:
Causal organism:   Panonychus Ulmi (KOCH).
The European red mite is the most common and important plant-feeding mite found in apple orchards.
Symptoms:
European red mites suck the plant juices from the upper side of the leaves first, and by the severe injury both side of the leaves were damage.
-sever mite injury produces browning and loss of color in the leaves, commonly referred to as bronzing.
-Extensive foliage injury may reduce the quality and quantity of fruit.
Control:
CHALLRNGER          40cm/100L.W
OR      ORTUS                          50cm/100L.W

3-Psedo-spider mite:
Causal organism:   Cenopalpus Lanceolatisetae
Symptoms:
-The insect suck the plant juices produces yellow leaves.
-Extensive foliage injury may reduce the fruit set, quality and quantity of fruits.
Control:
CHALLRNGER          40cm/100L.W
OR      ORTUS                          50cm/100L.W

virus Diseases of Apple

1-Apple Green crinkle virus:

 -The virus infest apple tree by graft.
-Cruller fruit tissue almost occurs on the infest trees






2-Apple Mosaic Virus:

I-Introduction: Apple mosaic virus is one of the oldest known and most widespread apples viruses. The same virus can cause line pattern symptoms in plum and mosaic disease. Apple mosaic virus is related to prunes necrotic ring spot virus.
II- Symptoms: Apple trees infected with apple mosaic virus develop pale to bright cream spots on spring leaves as they expand. These spots may become necrotic after exposure to summer sun and heat. Most commercial cultivars are affected, but vary in severity of symptoms. Except in severe cases, a crop can still be produced by infection trees; yield reductions vary from 0 to 50 percent. In some cultivars, bud set is severely affected.